Which type of errors cause a consistently high or low bias in the results?

The correct answer is systematic errors. Systematic errors are consistent, repeatable errors that result from flaws in the measurement system, such as instrument calibration issues, environmental factors, or a persistent bias in the data collection process. These types of errors lead to results that are consistently higher or lower than the true value, skewing the accuracy of measurements over time.

In contrast, random errors are unpredictable and vary in magnitude and direction, causing deviations that do not consistently bias the results in one direction. Precision errors focus on the consistency of repeated measurements rather than their accuracy, meaning that even if measurements are precise, they can still be systematically biased. Accuracy errors generally refer to how close a measured value is to the true value, which involves both systematic and random errors but does not specifically highlight the consistent nature of systematic bias. Thus, systematic errors are the ones that lead to a reliable and consistent deviation from the true value.